World news highlights for 19 November 2025
Here are the major world news highlights from November 19, 2025: Global headlines today include the release of the Epstein files in the U.S., International Men’s Day observances, climate protests at COP30 in Brazil, and key diplomatic meetings between Russia and India.
Key Global Headlines
- Escalating Ukraine Conflict: Russia launches massive drone and missile strikes, killing at least 25 civilians including children; Zelenskiy pushes for peace talks in Turkey amid US-brokered proposals.
- Middle East Tensions Rise: Israeli airstrike kills 13 in Lebanese refugee camp, violating ceasefire; Hamas rejects US Gaza plan; Trump bolsters Saudi ties despite Khashoggi controversy.
- G20 Summit in South Africa: Historic first African-hosted event focuses on debt and climate, but US warns against joint statements; protests loom.
- Latin America Unrest: Brazil convicts military plotters against Lula; Trump eyes strikes on Mexican cartels.
- Other Flashpoints: US drone strike in Somalia kills 12 civilians; Iran signals openness to nuclear talks.
Europe: Ukraine Under Siege Amid Diplomatic Hopes
Russia intensified its assault on Ukraine with over 470 drones and 48 missiles, targeting energy grids and civilian areas, leaving thousands without power as winter nears. In Ternopil, a strike on an apartment building claimed 25 lives, including 16 children, marking one of the deadliest attacks on western Ukraine. NATO responded by scrambling jets in Romania and Poland after a Russian drone briefly entered Romanian airspace, heightening alliance alerts.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy arrived in Ankara for talks with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, emphasizing a "just peace" and reinvigorating negotiations stalled since July. Sources indicate a new US peace roadmap, developed in secret with Russia, has been floated—though Ukraine was sidelined in drafting it—sparking optimism in Kyiv's bond markets. A US Army delegation, including Secretary Dan Driscoll, is in Kyiv for fact-finding, signaling sustained support.
Middle East: Ceasefire Fractures and US-Saudi Embrace
An Israeli airstrike on the Ein el-Hilweh refugee camp in southern Lebanon killed 13 Palestinians and wounded dozens, breaching the year-old Hezbollah ceasefire that has seen over 100 civilian deaths from near-daily incursions. The UN condemned the attack on the camp housing 64,000 since 1948, while a separate southern strike killed one more. Hamas dismissed a US-backed UN proposal for an international force in Gaza as complicit in "extermination," amid 279 Palestinian deaths since the October truce.
In Washington, President Trump hosted Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman at a black-tie dinner with tech moguls like Elon Musk, designating Saudi Arabia a "major non-NATO ally" to enhance arms ties. Trump brushed off the 2018 Khashoggi murder—linked to MBS by US intelligence—as "embarrassing," amid reports of Saudi branding deals benefiting Trump's family. Separately, Iran expressed willingness to resume nuclear talks if "respectful," per a senior official.
Africa and Global South: G20 Spotlights Inequality
South Africa hosts the G20's first summit on African soil in Johannesburg this weekend, prioritizing debt relief, climate disasters, and inequality—issues hitting the continent hardest. The ongoing Social Summit drew praise as an "unprecedented" platform for African voices, but tensions flared as the US warned Pretoria against a joint declaration without Trump's attendance, potentially thwarting consensus. Protests by Operation Dudula against immigration are planned outside the venue.
Elsewhere, a US airstrike in Somalia killed 12 civilians, including eight children, targeting al-Shabab—part of nearly 100 such operations this year, per local reports.
Americas: Coups, Cartels, and Epstein Revelations
Brazil's Supreme Court jailed military officers for 24 years over a 2023 plot to assassinate President Lula, following Jair Bolsonaro's 27-year coup sentence. In the US, Congress passed a bill compelling the DOJ to release Jeffrey Epstein's files, heading to Trump's desk amid public pressure. Trump also threatened US strikes on drug cartels in Mexico and Colombia, rejecting sovereignty concerns from Mexican President Sheinbaum.
On November 19, 2025, the global stage was marked by a confluence of escalating conflicts, diplomatic maneuvers, and high-stakes summits that underscored persistent fractures in international relations. From the frozen battlefields of Ukraine to the tinderbox of the Middle East, and the economic forums of the Global South, leaders grappled with wars, ceasefires under strain, and the shadow of unilateral US policies under President Donald Trump. This report surveys the day's most pressing developments, drawing on verified reports from across the spectrum to provide a comprehensive, region-by-region overview. While some glimmers of negotiation emerged—such as tentative peace signals in Ukraine and Iran's nuclear overtures—the dominant narrative was one of heightened volatility, with civilian tolls mounting and alliances tested.
Europe: Russian Onslaught Meets Ukrainian Resilience and US Mediation Whispers
The war in Ukraine entered a grim new phase as Russia unleashed what Ukrainian officials described as one of its largest aerial assaults yet: 470 drones and 48 missiles hammered energy infrastructure, transport hubs, and residential zones from dawn to dusk. In the western city of Ternopil—a region long spared the brunt of eastern fighting—a missile slammed into an apartment block, claiming at least 25 lives, among them 16 children, and injuring 66 more. Rescue teams sifted through rubble in sub-zero temperatures, evacuating survivors as blackouts plunged entire districts into darkness; this comes as Russia targets Ukraine's power grid ahead of a brutal winter, a tactic reminiscent of last year's blackouts that left millions freezing. Northeastern Kharkiv saw similar devastation, with rescuers pulling families from collapsed homes. The strikes, which Ukrainian air defenses partially intercepted, prompted an immediate NATO response: fighter jets scrambled from bases in Poland and Romania after a Russian drone violated Romanian airspace, a rare incursion that evoked fears of spillover into alliance territory. As one NATO official noted anonymously, "This isn't just escalation—it's a deliberate probe of our red lines."
Amid the carnage, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy projected defiance and diplomacy, landing in Ankara for high-level talks with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Zelenskiy, fresh from a whirlwind European tour including Greece, France, and Spain, framed the visit as a bid to "reinvigorate negotiations" for a "just peace," underscoring Turkey's unique role as a NATO member with deep ties to both Kyiv and Moscow—it hosted the war's only prior face-to-face talks in early 2022. Back home, Zelenskiy navigates a political minefield: Parliament ousted his energy and justice ministers in a corruption probe that has eroded public trust and complicated wartime funding. Yet, a potential lifeline emerged from Washington. A senior Ukrainian source disclosed "signals" of fresh US peace proposals, hashed out secretly with Russia but excluding Kyiv from the drafting—a move that irked Zelenskiy but buoyed markets, with Ukraine's bonds surging in the biggest daily jump in months. The roadmap's details remain opaque, but Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov downplayed it as containing "no innovations," while insisting on preconditions like Ukraine's NATO renunciation and troop withdrawals from four annexed regions (which control about 19% of Ukrainian soil). No direct Kyiv-Moscow talks have occurred since July's Istanbul meeting, and Russian advances—nearing the strategic Donetsk hub of Pokrovsk and pushing in Zaporizhzhia—have only accelerated.
Complicating matters, a US Army delegation led by Secretary Dan Driscoll and Chief of Staff General Randy George arrived in Kyiv for what was billed as a "fact-finding mission," set to confer with Zelenskiy on Thursday. Whispers suggest Special Envoy Steve Witkoff may soon shuttle to Turkey, though unconfirmed. Analysts caution that while Trump's "America First" pivot has cooled overt aid pledges, backchannel diplomacy could yield breakthroughs—or merely buy time for Moscow's grinding offensive. As Zelenskiy told reporters en route to Ankara, "Ending this war is our absolute priority, but it must be on terms that secure our future, not surrender it."
| Region/Event | Key Impacts | Casualties Reported | Diplomatic Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ternopil Missile Strike | Residential building hit; widespread blackouts | 25 killed (16 children), 66 injured | NATO jets scrambled; energy grid targeted pre-winter |
| Overall Russian Assault | 470 drones, 48 missiles; infrastructure focus | 19-25 total deaths across sites | US proposals floated; Zelenskiy-Erdogan talks |
| Kharkiv Attacks | Building collapses; evacuations ongoing | Dozens wounded | Part of pattern hitting civilian areas |
Middle East: Ceasefire Crumbles in Lebanon, Gaza Stalemate Persists, and Riyadh-Washington Ties Deepen
The fragile truce in the Levant shattered anew as Israel launched airstrikes on southern Lebanon, the deadliest in months. The primary target: Ein el-Hilweh, the sprawling Palestinian refugee camp near Saida, established in 1948 and home to over 64,000 amid Lebanon's economic collapse. Thirteen were killed—mostly civilians—and scores wounded when munitions rained down on densely packed neighborhoods, a stark violation of the November 2024 Hezbollah ceasefire that has frayed under near-daily Israeli overflights and raids. The UN's humanitarian coordinator decried the assault as "unacceptable," noting it follows a pattern of incursions killing over 100 Lebanese civilians since the truce. A secondary strike in Tyre killed one more, while Hezbollah vowed retaliation without specifics. Lebanese officials, already strained by 1.5 million Syrian and Palestinian refugees, fear a broader flare-up could destabilize the Beirut government.
In Gaza, the post-ceasefire limbo deepened as Hamas and allied factions rebuffed a US-endorsed UN blueprint for an "international stabilization force" under a US-led board. Hamas spokesman Hazem Qassem branded it a "deep partnership in extermination," accusing it of rubber-stamping Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's vision over Palestinian self-determination. Since the October truce, Israeli strikes have felled 279 in Gaza, per health ministry tallies, fueling accusations of collective punishment. The plan, which envisions multinational oversight to rebuild and secure the Strip, has drawn mixed global reactions: supportive from the EU but criticized by rights groups for sidelining Palestinian agency.
Shifting to diplomacy, President Trump's White House played host to Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) in a glitzy affair attended by Silicon Valley titans—Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, Tim Cook among them—signaling a thaw in relations after Biden-era frosts. Trump elevated Saudi Arabia to "major non-NATO ally" status, unlocking advanced arms sales and intelligence sharing, while cavalierly dismissing the 2018 Jamal Khashoggi murder: "He was a controversial guy... MBS knew nothing about it." This flies in the face of a 2021 US intelligence assessment pinning the Istanbul consulate killing—complete with drugging, dismemberment, and a 15-man hit squad—squarely on MBS. Critics, including watchdog Public Citizen, tie the bonhomie to lucrative Saudi deals with Trump kin, worth tens of millions annually in branding fees. On the nuclear front, a senior Iranian official told CNN Tehran is "open" to resuming talks with Washington "if conducted respectfully," a rare concession amid stalled JCPOA revival efforts and Israel's shadow war on Tehran's proxies.
| Conflict/Development | Location | Casualties | Broader Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Israeli Airstrike | Ein el-Hilweh Camp, Lebanon | 13 killed, dozens wounded | Ceasefire violation; 100+ civilian deaths since Nov 2024 |
| Gaza Stabilization Plan | Gaza Strip | 279 killed since Oct truce | Hamas rejection; UN/US push for multinational force |
| US-Saudi Summit | Washington, DC | N/A | Non-NATO ally status; Khashoggi dismissal reignites debate |
| Iran Nuclear Signal | Tehran | N/A | Willingness for "respectful" talks; JCPOA limbo persists |
Africa and the Global South: G20's African Debut Amid US Pushback and Humanitarian Crises
Johannesburg buzzed with anticipation and friction as South Africa prepared to host the G20's inaugural African summit, a milestone blending economic pomp with continental urgency. Themes of debt restructuring, climate resilience, and inequality dominated, with the ongoing Social Summit hailed by Pretoria as an "unprecedented" amplifier for African priorities—think relief for climate-ravaged nations like Mozambique and Zambia, saddled with $1 trillion in external debt. A Rockefeller Foundation poll underscored public support for bolder global action, yet the mood soured with US diplomatic maneuvering: Washington formally cautioned South Africa against a joint communiqué sans Trump's presence, viewing it as a ploy to isolate America on trade and security. Trump's absence—citing domestic priorities—hands hosts an opening to court BRICS allies like China and India, per Reuters analysis, potentially reshaping G20 dynamics toward multipolarity.
Protests loomed large, with anti-immigration group Operation Dudula vowing pickets outside venues, decrying "foreign exploitation" in a nation grappling with 60% youth unemployment. Cabinet ministers touted preparations as "satisfactory," but logistics—like securing Sandton for 20,000 delegates—strained resources in a country still healing from apartheid's legacies.
Humanitarian shadows lengthened elsewhere: In Somalia, local outlets reported a US drone strike killed 12 civilians—including eight children—in a Sunday raid on al-Shabab suspects, the latest in 100+ operations this year that have blurred counterterrorism with collateral tragedy. Rights monitors urge transparency, as Washington rarely comments on such incidents.
Americas and Beyond: Judicial Reckonings, Cartel Threats, and Epstein's Lingering Shadow
In Brasília, Brazil's Supreme Court delivered a resounding verdict against military meddling: Four high-ranking officers and a federal police agent drew 24-year sentences for a 2023 assassination plot against President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, capping a spree of convictions tied to January 2023's failed coup. This follows ex-President Jair Bolsonaro's 27-year term for orchestrating the Brasília riots—his appeal unanimously denied—signaling a judiciary bent on purging authoritarian remnants. Lula hailed it as "justice prevailing," but Bolsonaro allies decry it as politicized overreach.
North of the border, Trump's foreign policy veered hawkish: He greenlit potential US strikes on Mexican and Colombian drug cartels, musing on ground troops in Venezuela while approving CIA ops there—escalating a regional buildup of 15,000 US personnel and 20+ boat interdictions. Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum pushed back, insisting on "sovereign collaboration" sans subordination, as fentanyl deaths surge stateside.
Domestically resonant but globally watched: Congress overwhelmingly passed legislation forcing the DOJ to unseal Jeffrey Epstein's files, a transparency win amid elite entanglements; Trump pledged to sign, though probes may redact chunks. In Jakarta, UN data crowned Indonesia's capital the world's most populous urban sprawl at 42 million, spotlighting Asia's megacity boom.
These threads weave a tapestry of a world at crossroads: Wars grind on, summits strain for consensus, and power shifts challenge old orders. As night fell on November 19, the question lingered—will diplomacy outpace destruction?
United States
- Congress moves to release Epstein files
The U.S. House passed a bill 427–1 compelling the DOJ to release all Jeffrey Epstein files; the Senate unanimously approved it soon after. President Donald Trump, who had opposed the measure for months, reversed course over the weekend and vowed to sign it into law.
Global observances
- International Men’s Day 2025
International Men’s Day is observed on November 19 with the theme “Celebrating Men and Boys.” The official IMD site credits India with the largest national celebration and notes an Indian woman’s role in popularizing the event.
Climate and environment
- COP30 protests in Brazil
At the UN climate conference in Belém, Brazilian artist-activist Mundano performed with ashes from the Amazon in a Greenpeace action inside the Blue Zone, symbolizing forest destruction.
Middle East and security
- International military seminar in Israel
Senior commanders from multiple countries observed Gaza from Sderot during an Israeli military-hosted seminar sharing lessons from recent conflicts. Meanwhile, Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow to strengthen bilateral ties.
Africa
- Sudan displacement crisis
Visual reporting highlighted children in camps in Al-Dabbah, underscoring ongoing humanitarian displacement amid the protracted crisis.
India-linked global angles
- Delhi security alerts & air quality context for global readers
Multiple Delhi court complexes received bomb threats triggering heightened security checks, and air quality remained poor in the capital—both widely cited in India-focused global news rundowns for the day’s digest.
Nitish Kumar’s expected swearing-in for a record 10th term as Bihar CM on November 20 also featured prominently in international-facing India coverage.
✅ In summary: November 19, 2025 was marked by major U.S. legislative action on the Epstein files, global observance of International Men’s Day, climate protests at COP30 in Brazil, and significant diplomatic meetings in Russia and Israel. India’s domestic politics also saw Nitish Kumar preparing for his 10th term as Bihar CM, alongside ongoing concerns about Delhi’s air pollution.
The Volatile Digital World: AI, Escalation, and Accountability in November 2025
Published: November 19, 2025
The global landscape entering late November 2025 is defined by accelerating technological progress, escalating geopolitical conflicts, a fragile global economy, and persistent human rights crises. From the unprecedented power demands of Artificial Intelligence to massive data breaches and renewed military barrages in Europe, the old rules of engagement appear to be collapsing.
This report synthesizes the most critical developments across technology, conflict, economics, and society, drawing on reports from Huntress, the Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC), the International Crisis Group (ICG), the World Health Organization (WHO), and financial market analyses.
Part I: The AI Reckoning—Policy, Power, and Parity
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has reached an inflection point, forcing global policymakers to confront three critical decisions in November 2025: how to regulate innovation, how to power the exponential growth of infrastructure, and how to manage the strategic competition with China.
Decision 1: Balancing Innovation with Regulatory Control
The core regulatory challenge facing nations is determining How Should Nations Balance AI Innovation With Regulatory Control?. Policy fragmentation—with wildly divergent approaches across countries and even within the U.S. itself—is making this decision particularly messy.
The current U.S. federal approach, under President Trump, explicitly shifts toward deregulation and prioritizes AI innovation and U.S. competitiveness, notably after rescinding President Biden’s Executive Order on "Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI" in January 2025. Conversely, U.S. state governments have become the primary drivers of consumer protection, with 38 states enacting approximately 100 AI-related measures in 2025.
- State-Level Enforcement: States like Colorado and California are leading the charge. Colorado’s AI Act enforces appeal rights by June 2026, granting consumers the right to appeal AI-driven decisions (like loan or job offers) and requiring human review upon request. California has gone further, allowing users to sue AI companion chatbot companies directly for harm or manipulation, with damages up to $1,000 per violation. California Attorney General Rob Bonta is trying to protect consumers without crippling the state’s tech innovation.
- The Global Baseline: The European Union’s AI Act represents the world’s first comprehensive AI legislation, utilizing a risk-based approach that effectively sets a de facto global baseline that any company serving European customers must meet.
- The Black Box Problem: A staggering practical challenge is the requirement for "explainable AI" systems, tracing how outcomes are produced. Many of the most powerful AI systems are "essentially black boxes," meaning even their creators do not fully understand how they generate outputs. Requiring explainability may mean accepting less capable systems, at least temporarily.
- Geopolitical Risk: If regulations become too strict in the West, AI development could flee to more permissive jurisdictions, likely China, which is rapidly integrating AI into manufacturing. If regulators get the balance wrong, it could either unleash dangerous systems or hand global AI leadership to rivals.
Decision 2: The Infrastructure Bottleneck
The AI industry is currently facing a stark reality: Can AI Infrastructure Scale Fast Enough to Match Ambition Without Breaking the Grid?. The entire sector is moving on "internet time," but the energy sector operates on "infrastructure time".
- Explosive Demand: Goldman Sachs Research projects global power demand from data centers will increase 50% by 2027 and by as much as 165% by the end of the decade compared with 2023. By 2030, data centers are projected to consume around 945 terawatt-hours (TWh), roughly equivalent to the current annual electricity consumption of Japan.
- Corporate Ambition: Companies like OpenAI are trying to secure monumental amounts of energy; Sam Altman struck a deal with Nvidia to build 10 gigawatts (GW) of data centers, requiring as much electricity as New York City during energy-intensive summer days.
- Public Cost: This infrastructure race is causing direct financial consequences for ordinary citizens. In the PJM electricity market (Illinois to North Carolina), data centers contributed to a $9.3 billion price increase in the 2025-26 capacity market, potentially raising average residential bills by $18 a month in western Maryland and $16 a month in Ohio.
- Technical Challenges and Solutions: The newest generation of large-scale AI data centers use 100 or more megawatt hours a month, five times that of their predecessors a decade ago. Companies are exploring creative, long-term solutions, such as co-locating generating capacity near data centers, or investing in small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs), as seen with Microsoft. Google and Meta are investing heavily in massive renewable energy projects.
- The Stakes: The race toward Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) might be decided not by who has the best algorithms, but by who can keep the lights on. Training frontier models is becoming prohibitively expensive, potentially reaching $100 billion by 2027, making compute capacity a critical national asset.
Decision 3: The US-China Parity Contest
The strategic rivalry between Beijing and Washington hinges on the question: Should the U.S. Contain China’s AI Development or Prepare for Parity?. This rivalry impacts conflict norms, state power, and economic advantage.
- Closing the Gap: Conventional wisdom suggested a decisive U.S. lead. However, the release of China’s DeepSeek-R1 model sent shockwaves through the community, demonstrating a triumph of efficiency—it achieved performance roughly equal to U.S. models on a significantly lower compute budget. Chinese models have narrowed the performance difference in language tests from 17.5% to 0.3%.
- Different Goals: While the U.S. is obsessed with the race toward AGI (building the biggest models), China’s focus is on deployment at scale. Their 14th Five-Year Plan calls for "comprehensive intelligent transformation" of industrial production, aiming for AI embedded across 70% of key sectors by 2027.
- The Export Control Dilemma: The U.S. policy response has centered on export controls, limiting China’s access to advanced semiconductors (GPUs). This is working, as DeepSeek’s CEO noted that "Bans on shipments of advanced chips are the problem". However, controls are also spurring innovation in China, encouraging them to build a domestic semiconductor ecosystem. Huawei, in collaboration with SMIC, developed the 7 nm Kirin 9000s chip, albeit with a performance deficit.
- Geopolitical Consequences: If China achieves parity, Western norms regarding AI safety (like alignment and constitutional AI) might not matter. Furthermore, China is positioning itself as the partner that will help developing nations (the Global Majority) leapfrog into the AI era, using AI to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This narrative battle represents soft power warfare.
Part II: Geopolitical Hotspots and the Risk of Escalation (November 2025)
The International Crisis Group’s October trends and November alerts highlight critical conflict risks worldwide.
The Escalating Ukraine Conflict
Russian attacks intensified, marked by a massive overnight drone and missile barrage on November 19, 2025.
- Civilian Toll: At least 25 people were killed and dozens wounded in Russian drone and missile attacks across Ukraine. In Ternopil, a missile strike hit a multistorey residential building, killing at least 25 people, including three children. Rescuers were working at the site of the hit apartment building.
- Infrastructure Attacks: Russia used more than 470 drones and 48 missiles of various types (one ballistic, the rest cruise) in the attack. The attacks resulted in emergency power outages in a number of regions. In the northeastern region of Kharkiv, the attack damaged more than 10 apartment buildings, a school, a supermarket, and an ambulance substation.
- Frontline Situation: Russian forces are closing in on the city of Pokrovsk in the Donetsk region, a key transit hub whose fall would complicate Ukraine’s defence of Donetsk and provide a symbolic victory to President Putin.
- Diplomatic Activity: President Volodymyr Zelenskyy traveled to Turkiye (Turkey) for talks with President Erdogan, hoping to revive peace talks stalled since July. Zelenskyy called for air defence missile aid from allies, stating that 470 drones and 48 missiles show insufficient pressure on Russia.
- Western Involvement: Poland briefly closed its Rzeszow and Lublin airports due to Russian attacks, and Polish and allied aircraft were scrambled. Ukraine claims to have attacked military targets in Russia using U.S.-supplied ATACMS missiles. Russia, however, claims that Ukraine fired four ATACMS missiles at civilian targets in Voronezh, which were shot down by Russian S-400 air defense crews, with falling debris damaging a retirement home and an orphanage.
- European Defence: Renew Europe in the European Parliament is strongly supporting a legislative package on military mobility aimed at creating an EU-wide military mobility area by 2027—a "Military Schengen". This is urgently needed because current infrastructure is inadequate (e.g., bridges supporting under 60 tonnes, short runways), leading to transport delays measured in weeks instead of hours.
Middle East and North Africa
- Israel/Palestine: A fragile U.S.-brokered ceasefire was struck between Israel and Hamas. However, an Israeli airstrike on the Ein el-Hilweh refugee camp in southern Lebanon killed 13 Palestinians and wounded dozens, violating the existing ceasefire with Hezbollah. Since the October truce, Israeli strikes have killed 279 in Gaza.
- US-Saudi Rapprochement: President Trump hosted Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) and designated Saudi Arabia a "major non-NATO ally". Trump dismissed the 2018 Khashoggi murder, despite U.S. intelligence linking it to MBS, as "embarrassing".
- Houthi Activity: Following the Gaza truce, Houthi officials reportedly confirmed the group had halted anti-Israel and maritime attacks, though they expressed skepticism about the ceasefire’s durability and may restart attacks. Senior Houthi figures are now threatening renewed confrontation with Saudi Arabia if they do not implement pre-October 2023 understandings on blockades and salary payments.
Conflict and Political Instability in Africa and the Americas
- Cameroon: The October 2025 presidential election plunged the country into turmoil, with both long-time incumbent Paul Biya and his main challenger, Issa Tchiroma Bakary, claiming victory. Deadly unrest has already claimed over a dozen lives, and intensifying protests are expected ahead of Biya's planned inauguration in early November. The fallout risks sharpening ethnic fissures and potentially spreading beyond Cameroon’s borders.
- Sudan: The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) captured El Fasher in North Darfur in late October amid reports of mass atrocities and sexually motivated violence. The fall of this Zaghawa stronghold deepens the country’s de facto partition and shifts the war eastward into the Kordofan region, raising escalation risks.
- Latin America/Drug Cartels: U.S. sabre rattling toward Venezuela grew louder. President Trump threatened U.S. strikes on drug cartels in Mexico and Colombia, and approved covert CIA operations inside Venezuela. Mexico's President Sheinbaum pushed back on these threats, insisting on "sovereign collaboration". In Colombia, the U.S. sanctioned President Petro, two family members, and a minister, accusing them of abetting the drug trade, which sent bilateral relations into freefall.
- Brazil: A police raid in Rio de Janeiro targeting Comando Vermelho killed at least 132 people, making it the deadliest operation in at least a decade. Separately, Brazil's Supreme Court jailed military officers for 24 years over a 2023 plot to assassinate President Lula.
Part III: The Shifting Global Economy and Markets (November 2025)
The global economy is "limping into November 2025," defined by policy fragmentation and the strategic decoupling of major powers.
Economic Divergence and US-China Truce
- Trade War De-escalation: After a period of imposing new trade measures, U.S. President Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping met in South Korea in late October. They agreed to a de-escalation truce, which included suspending planned port fees on Chinese ships, postponing export controls, and resuming Chinese purchases of U.S. agricultural goods.
- Chinese Countermeasures: Beijing countered U.S. extraterritorial export controls by broadening its own export licensing requirements for critical minerals and technologies, aiming squarely at the semiconductor and AI sectors. China is committing to becoming less dependent on foreign inputs while maintaining absolute advantage in key sectors, a strategy seen in its next five-year plan.
- U.S. Performance: The U.S. economy is outperforming, with Q3 GDP tracking almost 4%. Spending related to AI is thought to account for more than half of U.S. growth this year.
- European Stagnation: Europe is struggling. Germany’s industrial output has collapsed to 20-year lows, with the export model cracking due to weak global demand, high energy costs, and the transition away from combustion engines. France is in an uneasy political stalemate after snap elections failed to deliver a mandate for President Macron’s reforms.
- EU Regulation: The EU is set to vote on the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive on November 13, which would require viable climate transition plans and expose legal liability for environment and human rights violations in value chains, potentially creating a new flash point with U.S. businesses.
- Japan: The selection of Takaichi Sanae as Japan's first female Prime Minister, embracing easy money and fiscal stimulus, caused the yen to weaken sharply (4.0% decline in October) and Japanese stocks to rally dramatically (Nikkei +16.6%, the largest monthly advance since 1990).
Monetary Policy and Risks
The Federal Reserve cut rates in late October due to labor market deterioration but attempts by Chair Powell to dissuade market confidence in a December cut have only slightly reduced the odds (still high at 70%). Meanwhile, the European Central Bank (ECB) may have completed its easing cycle, while Japan is expected to hold off on a hike until next year.
The global risks are asymmetrical and biased lower. A prolonged shutdown of the U.S. federal government (which occurred for the month of October, causing 1.4 million federal employees to miss a full paycheck) or a failure to head off further escalation in the U.S.-China trade conflict could trigger outsized market reactions.
Part IV: The Global Data and Dignity Crisis
World’s Biggest Data Breaches and Security Lessons
In a digital landscape where personal data is a "hot commodity on the dark web," massive breaches are increasingly common. Attacks making this list involve both a massive number of records exposed and a wide range of data accessed by threat actors.
- The Largest Incident: One of the biggest data breaches ever was the Chinese Surveillance Network breach in June 2025, which exposed 4 billion records, including WeChat data, bank details, Alipay profile information, phone numbers, home addresses, and behavioral profiles. This massive data leak, discovered by Bob Dyachenko at SecurityDiscovery.com and the Cybernews research team, involved a 631-gigabyte database found without a password.
- Scale and Scope: The list of the past 20 years’ largest incidents includes the Yahoo breach (3 billion records), the National Public Data breach (2.9 billion records, including SSNs), and the Aadhaar breach in India (1.1 billion records, including biometric data).
- Causes: Data breaches are generally caused by cybersecurity shortcomings, such as not encrypting stored data. Many are due to basic security failures like misconfigured servers, unprotected websites, and data scraping.
- Data Leak is often unintentional exposure due to misconfiguration (e.g., unencrypted passwords). For instance, the Real Estate Wealth Network exposed 1.5 billion records due to an unsecured 1.16 terabyte database left open without a password.
- Data Scraping is the automated, unauthorized extraction of large amounts of data, often publicly available but violating terms of service. LinkedIn (700 million users) and Facebook (533 million users) claimed their incidents were data scraping, not traditional hacks.
- Human Error is cited as the main cause of 95% of all cybersecurity breaches, often involving poor password management, opening phishing emails, or deliberate insider threats.
- Prevention Methods: Methods to prevent data breaches include multi-factor authentication (MFA), regular updates, and better employee training (security awareness training). Organizations must encrypt sensitive data (in storage and transit) so that even if threat actors gain access, the data is unreadable.
Violence Against Women: A Persistent Global Crisis
A landmark report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UN partners on November 19, 2025, reveals that violence against women remains one of the world’s most persistent human rights crises, showing "very little progress in two decades".
- Prevalence: Nearly 1 in 3 women—an estimated 840 million globally—have experienced partner or sexual violence during their lifetime. The figure for intimate partner violence has seen a painfully slow annual decline of only 0.2% over the past two decades.
- Recent Figures: In the last 12 months alone, 316 million women (11% of those aged 15 or older) were subjected to physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner.
- Under-Reporting: The report notes that 263 million women have experienced non-partner sexual violence since age 15, a figure that experts caution is significantly under-reported due to stigma and fear.
- Funding Collapse: Despite mounting evidence on effective prevention strategies, the report warns that funding for such initiatives is collapsing. In 2022, only 0.2% of the global development aid was allocated to prevention programs, and funding has fallen further in 2025.
- Lifelong Risks: Violence often begins early; 16% (12.5 million) of adolescent girls aged 15-19 experienced intimate partner violence in the past 12 months. Women in least-developed, conflict-affected, and climate-vulnerable settings are disproportionately affected; Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand) reports a 38% prevalence of intimate partner violence in the past year, more than three times the global average.
Part V: Media, Transparency, and Climate Policy
The BBC’s “Existential Crisis”
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is grappling with a crisis that former journalist Mishal Husain described as "existential".
- Structural Failures: Husain argued that the Director General role is "too vast," combining both chief executive and editor-in-chief responsibility for over 5,000 journalists globally.
- Loss of Trust: To regain public trust in a polarized age, Husain called for "courage" to introduce a non-partisan system for board appointments, arguing that several members, including the chair, are currently appointed by the government of the day.
- The Trump Controversy: The crisis was exacerbated by a controversial internal report criticizing BBC impartiality, which highlighted a misleading edit in a Panorama episode about the 2021 Capitol riot. The edit combined two segments of a Donald Trump speech nearly an hour apart, making him appear to immediately encourage fighting near the Capitol. Although the BBC issued an apology, Trump threatened to sue the corporation for anywhere between a billion and $5 billion.
Climate Policy and the COP30 Agenda
As 2025 marks the tenth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, Brazil is hosting COP30 in Belém, which will face high expectations.
- Climate Finance Gap: Following COP29, world leaders committed to setting out a roadmap at COP30 to deliver USD 1.3 trillion by 2035, aiming to bridge the estimated USD 1 trillion funding gap for developing countries. This roadmap must clearly define the role of private finance and investors, including reforms that incentivize private investments in developing markets and remove barriers to entry.
- Nature Convergence: The convergence of climate change and nature-related risks is an increasing focus for investors, though negotiations on financing mechanisms remain stalled following the Conference on Biological Diversity (CBD). Brazil has pledged to focus on nature and forests, aiming to end deforestation.
- Investable NDCs: Investor focus remains on making national climate commitments (Nationally Determined Contributions or NDCs) "investable". This requires providing the policy and regulatory certainty that businesses and investors need, and developing sector-specific plans to clarify decarbonization pathways. Early adoption of measures like the updated EU Regulation on Deforestation-free Products (EUDR), which takes effect in December 2025, presents an opportunity for Europe to lead.
Conclusion: Navigating a World of Cascading Consequences
The decisions being made in November 2025—from allocating $100 billion to AI data centers to the enforcement of human rights and safety protocols—will determine the trajectory of the global system for years. Whether the challenge is mitigating the financial fallout of massive data breaches like the Chinese Surveillance Network leak, securing the grid against explosive AI demand, or preventing violence against 840 million women, the complexity lies in the interconnectedness of these crises. The global system is in a precarious position where old maps no longer apply.
Question and Answer Compendium (101 Entries)
I. Data Breaches and Cybersecurity (36 Q&A)
- Q: What was the largest data breach mentioned in terms of records exposed, and when did it occur?
A: The largest data breach mentioned was the Chinese Surveillance Network breach, which exposed 4 billion records in June 2025.
- Q: What is cited as the main cause of 95% of all cybersecurity breaches?
A: Human error is the main cause, which includes deliberate insider threats, poor password management, and opening phishing emails.
- Q: What types of personal data were exposed in the Chinese Surveillance Network breach?
A: The data included WeChat data, bank details, Alipay profile information, phone numbers, home addresses, and behavioral profiles.
- Q: How large was the file size of the Chinese Surveillance Network database that was leaked?
A: The database was 631-gigabyte and was found without a password.
- Q: What three distinct types of data threats are included in the list of major data incidents?
A: They are data breaches (traditional unauthorized infiltration), data leaks (unintentional exposure due to misconfiguration), and data scraping (automated unauthorized extraction).
- Q: What cybersecurity shortcoming is usually the cause of data breaches?
A: Data breaches are usually caused by cybersecurity shortcomings, such as not encrypting stored data.
- Q: What year did the massive Yahoo breach occur, and when was it disclosed?
A: The Yahoo breach occurred in August 2013 but was not disclosed until December 2016.
- Q: How many user accounts were compromised in the Yahoo breach?
A: The breach compromised 3 billion of Yahoo's user accounts.
- Q: What were the key types of data stolen in the Yahoo breach?
A: Names, email addresses, dates of birth, phone numbers, and encrypted or unencrypted security questions and answers.
- Q: How did the Yahoo breach affect the company financially?
A: It resulted in a significant financial and reputational loss for Yahoo, including fetching a lower price when sold to Verizon.
- Q: The breach of which organization in December 2023 exposed 2.9 billion records, including Social Security numbers (SSNs)?
A: National Public Data (NPD).
- Q: What was the fate of National Public Data (NPD) after the December 2023 incident?
A: The incident ultimately led to numerous class-action lawsuits and caused NPD and their parent company to go out of business completely.
- Q: What was the cause of the Real Estate Wealth Network (REWN) breach?
A: An unsecured database, totaling 1.16 terabytes, was left open without a password, exposing 1.5 billion records.
- Q: What data was exposed in the Aadhaar breach in India?
A: Names, addresses, photos, phone numbers, emails, and biometric data of 1.1 billion cardholders.
- Q: What major data theft occurred at Alibaba in November 2019?
A: An employee of a third-party marketing firm illegally scraped over 1.1 billion records from Alibaba's Taobao shopping platform.
- Q: What was the cause of the First American Financial Corp. data leak in May 2019?
A: A website vulnerability allowed unauthorized access to a vast database without any password or authentication; changing a single digit in a URL could access a different customer's documents.
- Q: How many records were exposed in the June 2021 LinkedIn data incident?
A: 700 million records were exposed.
- Q: What did LinkedIn and Facebook claim their incidents were, technically speaking?
A: They were better described as data scraping incidents, not traditional unauthorized infiltrations.
- Q: What key data was scraped in the Facebook April 2019 incident affecting 533 million users?
A: Names, Facebook IDs, locations, dates of birth, and phone numbers.
- Q: How long were the attackers inside the Starwood network before Marriott International discovered the breach in September 2018?
A: The attackers had been inside the network since 2014.
- Q: What type of data exposed in the Adult FriendFinder breach could lead to blackmail?
A: Passwords stored in plain text or with weak encryption, along with sensitive activity site data.
- Q: What year did the MySpace data theft (360 million accounts) occur, although it wasn't publicly revealed until 2016?
A: The data was stolen in 2013.
- Q: What type of follow-up attack did the MySpace breach enable due to weak password storage?
A: A wave of credential stuffing attacks against users who had reused passwords on other websites.
- Q: What marketing firm exposed 340 million detailed records in June 2018?
A: Exactis.
- Q: What security vulnerability caused the Equifax breach in 2017?
A: The company’s failure to patch a known vulnerability in their web application software, Apache Struts.
- Q: Why was the Equifax breach particularly concerning to consumers?
A: Because Equifax holds data that is the key to a person's financial identity, including names, Social Security numbers, dates of birth, and driver's license numbers.
- Q: How did the threat actors gain access to eBay’s database in 2014?
A: They exploited a compromised employee account.
- Q: What type of attack, known as a "sniffer," was used against Heartland Payment Systems in 2008?
A: Malware was installed on Heartland's network to intercept payment card data in transit.
- Q: What caused the Capital One breach in 2019?
A: A former Amazon Web Services employee exploited a misconfigured firewall in the company's cloud infrastructure.
- Q: How much was Capital One fined by the US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency after its breach?
A: $80 million.
- Q: How did the Home Depot breach in 2014 occur?
A: Attackers gained access via a third-party vendor's credentials and installed custom-built malware on self-checkout systems.
- Q: What is the estimated average cost of a data breach globally?
A: The average cost of a breach is $4.4 million globally.
- Q: Name three essential methods recommended to prevent data breaches. A: Encrypt sensitive data, enable multi-factor authentication (MFA), and regularly update software.
A: MOAB was a compilation of data from thousands of previous breaches, leaks, and privately sold databases, containing over 26 billion records.
A: Encryption protects confidential information in storage and in transit so that even if a threat actor gains access, the data will be unreadable without the decryption key.
A: Chinese equity funding for AI startups jumped from 11 percent of global investment in 2016 to 48 percent in 2017, surpassing the United States.
II. AI, Technology, and Geopolitics (26 Q&A)
- Q: What is Decision 1 facing the field of AI in November 2025?
A: How Should Nations Balance AI Innovation With Regulatory Control?
- Q: How did President Trump fundamentally shift the U.S. approach to AI in January 2025?
A: He moved the focus from risk mitigation (Biden’s approach) toward deregulation and explicitly prioritizing AI innovation and U.S. competitiveness.
- Q: Which U.S. state is leading the charge on AI regulation by granting consumers the right to appeal AI-driven decisions by June 2026?
A: Colorado.
- Q: What policy tool makes the EU’s AI Act a de facto global baseline?
A: Any company wanting to serve European customers must comply with the EU’s risk-based standards.
- Q: What challenge does the push for "explainable AI" face with current powerful systems?
A: Many of the most powerful AI systems are "essentially black boxes," meaning their creators don’t fully understand how they produce their outputs.
- Q: What is Decision 2 facing the field of AI in November 2025?
A: Can AI Infrastructure Scale Fast Enough to Match Ambition Without Breaking the Grid?
- Q: What major infrastructure problem is the AI industry facing due to the energy sector operating on "infrastructure time"?
A: There is currently a seven-year wait on some requests for connection to the grid.
- Q: What monumental power commitment did OpenAI’s Sam Altman secure with Nvidia?
A: A deal to build 10 gigawatts (GW) of data centers, requiring as much electricity as New York City during energy intensive summer days.
- Q: By what percentage is global power demand from data centers projected to increase by the end of the decade compared to 2023?
A: By as much as 165%.
- Q: How much electricity is estimated data centers will consume by 2030, in relation to a developed nation?
A: Around 945 terawatt-hours (TWh), roughly equivalent to the current annual electricity consumption of Japan.
- Q: How much did data centers contribute to the price increase in the PJM electricity capacity market?
A: An estimated $9.3 billion price increase in the 2025-26 capacity market.
- Q: By what year is the cost of training frontier AI models potentially reaching $100 billion?
A: By 2027.
- Q: What is Decision 3 facing the field of AI in November 2025?
A: Should the U.S. Contain China’s AI Development or Prepare for Parity?
- Q: What Chinese AI model recently demonstrated a "triumph of efficiency"?
A: DeepSeek-R1.
- Q: How much has the performance difference between Chinese and U.S. models narrowed in language tests?
A: From 17.5% to 0.3%.
- Q: What is the main objective of China's 14th Five-Year Plan concerning AI deployment?
A: Comprehensive intelligent transformation of industrial production, aiming for AI embedded across 70% of key sectors by 2027.
- Q: What U.S. tool has Liang Wenfeng, DeepSeek’s CEO, identified as the main problem for their development?
A: Bans on shipments of advanced chips (semiconductors/GPUs).
- Q: What Chinese chip was developed by Huawei and SMIC despite U.S. restrictions?
A: The 7 nm Kirin 9000s chip.
- Q: How does China position its AI development globally to counter the U.S. narrative?
A: It positions itself as a partner that will help developing nations (the Global Majority) leapfrog into the AI era to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
- Q: What major risk arises if China achieves parity in AI development, beyond military advantage?
A: Western norms regarding AI safety (like alignment) might not matter, likely triggering a race to the bottom in norms.
- Q: What action did President Trump and President Xi Jinping agree to in their late October de-escalation truce?
A: Suspending planned port fees on Chinese ships, postponing export controls, and resuming Chinese purchases of U.S. agricultural goods.
- Q: What country's industrial output has collapsed to 20-year lows?
A: Germany's industrial output.
- Q: Who was selected as Japan’s first female Prime Minister?
A: Takaichi Sanae.
- Q: What policy mix has the new Japanese Prime Minister, Takaichi Sanae, embraced?
A: The LDP’s traditional mix of easy money and fiscal stimulus.
- Q: How did the yen perform in October following Takaichi Sanae’s selection?
A: The yen weakened sharply (a roughly 4.0% decline).
- Q: What percentage of U.S. GDP expansion is AI spending thought to account for in 2025?
A: More than half of U.S. growth this year is thought to be related to AI spending.
III. Global Conflicts and Military Mobility (25 Q&A)
- Q: How many people were killed in the massive Russian drone and missile attacks across Ukraine on November 19, 2025?
A: At least 25 people were killed and dozens wounded.
- Q: What was the impact of the missile strike on the multistorey residential building in Ternopil, Ukraine?
A: At least 25 people, including three children, were killed, and seventy-three others were injured.
- Q: Where did Russia launch its attack from, and what was the extent of the aerial barrage?
A: Russia used more than 470 drones and 48 missiles of various types.
- Q: Where did President Zelenskyy travel on November 19, 2025, to try and revive peace talks?
A: Turkiye (Turkey).
- Q: What major Ukrainian city saw damage to more than 10 apartment buildings, a school, a supermarket, and an ambulance substation during the attacks?
A: Kharkiv.
- Q: What is the current military situation near Pokrovsk in Ukraine?
A: Russian forces are closing in on the city of Pokrovsk, a key transit hub in the Donetsk region.
- Q: What U.S.-supplied missiles did Ukraine claim to use against military targets in Russia?
A: ATACMS missiles.
- Q: What did Russia claim Ukraine targeted with ATACMS missiles in Voronezh, and what was the alleged damage?
A: Russia claimed Ukraine targeted civilian targets, and falling debris damaged the roofs of a Voronezh retirement home and an orphanage.
- Q: What is the legislative package Renew Europe is supporting to strengthen European deterrence?
A: The legislative package on military mobility, aiming to create an EU-wide military mobility area by 2027 (a "Military Schengen").
- Q: What specific infrastructural inadequacy slows down military transport in Europe?
A: Bridges unable to support more than 60 tonnes, airport runways too short, and current transport delays measured in weeks instead of hours.
- Q: How much investment is proposed in the next financial framework for military mobility?
A: Over €17 billion.
- Q: Where did an Israeli airstrike kill 13 Palestinians, violating the ceasefire with Hezbollah?
A: The Ein el-Hilweh refugee camp in southern Lebanon.
- Q: How many Palestinian deaths in Gaza have occurred since the October truce, according to health ministry tallies?
A: 279.
- Q: Whom did President Trump host and designate a "major non-NATO ally"?
A: Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS).
- Q: What topic did Trump casually dismiss while bolstering ties with MBS?
A: The 2018 Khashoggi murder.
- Q: What region did the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) capture in Sudan in late October?
A: The city of El Fasher in North Darfur.
- Q: What political consequence does the fall of El Fasher have for Sudan?
A: It deepens the country’s de facto partition and shifts the war eastward into the Kordofan region.
- Q: What country was plunged into turmoil by election fraud claims and unrest in October 2025?
A: Cameroon.
- Q: What drastic action did Brazil's Supreme Court take regarding the 2023 assassination plot against President Lula?
A: They jailed military officers for 24 years.
- Q: What specific threats did President Trump issue regarding drug cartels in Latin America?
A: He threatened U.S. strikes on drug cartels in Mexico and Colombia.
- Q: Where did a U.S. airstrike reportedly kill 12 civilians, including eight children, in Africa?
A: Somalia.
- Q: What is the US-China rivalry extending beyond military and economic advantages to?
A: Conflict norms, state power, emerging bioethics, and catastrophic risks.
- Q: What U.S. political figure’s files did Congress pass legislation to compel the DOJ to release?
A: Jeffrey Epstein’s files.
IV. Social Issues, Media, and Finance (15 Q&A)
- Q: What percentage of women globally have experienced partner or sexual violence in their lifetime?
A: Nearly 1 in 3 women, estimated at 840 million globally.
- Q: In the last 12 months alone, what percentage of women (aged 15 or older) were subjected to physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner?
A: 11% (or 316 million women).
- Q: How many women have experienced non-partner sexual violence since age 15, according to the WHO report?
A: 263 million women, though experts caution this figure is significantly under-reported.
- Q: What is the prevalence of intimate partner violence in the past year reported by Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand)?
A: 38% prevalence, which is more than three times the global average of 11%.
- Q: What is the concerning trend regarding funding for violence prevention programs?
A: Funding is collapsing, with only 0.2% of global development aid allocated to these programs in 2022, and funding having fallen further in 2025.
- Q: What percentage of adolescent girls aged 15-19 experienced intimate partner violence in the past 12 months?
A: 16% (or 12.5 million).
- Q: What does the WHO report conclude about progress on reducing violence against women in the last two decades?
A: There has been "very little progress in two decades".
- Q: What did former BBC journalist Mishal Husain describe the corporation's current crisis as?
A: "Existential".
- Q: Why did Mishal Husain argue the BBC Director General role was "too vast"?
A: The role combines both chief executive and editor-in-chief responsibilities for over 5,000 journalists globally.
- Q: What structural change did Husain call for to restore public trust in the BBC?
A: Introducing a "non-partisan system of board appointments" to separate the institution from the government.
- Q: What specific action regarding a Donald Trump speech led to accusations of BBC bias?
A: A misleading edit in a Panorama episode combined two segments of a speech nearly an hour apart, making him appear to immediately encourage fighting near the Capitol.
- Q: How much money did Donald Trump threaten to sue the BBC for over the edited speech?
A: Anywhere between a billion and $5 billion.
- Q: What date is the European Parliament set to vote on the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD)?
A: November 13.
- Q: What requirement does the CSDDD impose on businesses?
A: It requires viable climate transition plans and exposes ** legal liability for environment and human right violations in the value chains**.
- Q: How did the Japanese Nikkei stock index perform in October 2025?
A: It rallied dramatically, posting a 16.6% rally, which was the largest monthly advance since October 1990.
- Q: Despite Federal Reserve Chair Powell's efforts to dissuade the market, what were the odds of a December rate cut hovering near at the end of October?
A: A still high 70% chance (or about a 2/3 chance).
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